What is Function?

 Its a reusable code

Two Types of user defined functions in VBScript
     a) Sub procedures:
                   Def: 1.It is a set of statements enclosed with sub and end sub
                           statements to perform a task or tasks
                   2.Sub procedures take arguments, but arguments are optional
                  3. They won’t return any value

           Syntax:   
                   Sub Procedurename(arguments)
                   Statements
                  ———–
                   End Sub

     b) Function procedures
                   Def: 1.It is a set of statements enclosed with function and end function
                           statements to perform a task or tasks
                   2.Function procedures take arguments, but arguments are optional
                  3. They can return a value

           Syntax:   
                   Sub Procedurename(arguments)
                   Statements
                  ———–
                   End Sub

   Note: Sub procedures are faster in execution thn function procedures

Examples:
———-
‘Sub procedure with no Arguments

Sub Login()
    SystemUtil.Run “C:\Program Files\HP\QuickTest Professional\samples\flight\app\flight4a.exe”,”",”C:\Program Files\HP\QuickTest Professional\samples\flight\app\”,”open”
    Dialog(“Login”).Activate
    Dialog(“Login”).WinEdit(“Agent Name:”).Set “asdfg”
    Dialog(“Login”).WinEdit(“Password:”).SetSecure “4f444ce5be89cc361bebe68ef49c63509f693f87″
    Dialog(“Login”).WinButton(“OK”).Click
End Sub
Call Login()

——————-
‘Sub procedure with  Arguments

Sub Login(Agent, Password)
    SystemUtil.Run “C:\Program Files\HP\QuickTest Professional\samples\flight\app\flight4a.exe”,”",”C:\Program Files\HP\QuickTest Professional\samples\flight\app\”,”open”
    Dialog(“Login”).Activate
    Dialog(“Login”).WinEdit(“Agent Name:”).Set Agent
    Dialog(“Login”).WinEdit(“Password:”).Set Password
wait 2
    Dialog(“Login”).WinButton(“OK”).Click
End Sub
Call Login(“Hyderabad”,”mercury”)
———————————————
‘Sub procedure with  Arguments (Data Driven Testing)

Sub Login(Agent, Password)
    SystemUtil.Run “C:\Program Files\HP\QuickTest Professional\samples\flight\app\flight4a.exe”,”",”C:\Program Files\HP\QuickTest Professional\samples\flight\app\”,”open”
    Dialog(“Login”).Activate
    Dialog(“Login”).WinEdit(“Agent Name:”).Set DataTable(“agent”,1)
    Dialog(“Login”).WinEdit(“Password:”).Set DataTable(2,1)
wait 2
    Dialog(“Login”).WinButton(“OK”).Click
Window(“Flight Reservation”).Close
End Sub
Call Login(“Hyderabad”,”mercury”)
—————————————-
‘Load Repositories at run-time
Sub Login(Agent, Password)
RepositoriesCollection.Add “C:\Documents and Settings\gcreddy\Desktop\Login.tsr”
    SystemUtil.Run “C:\Program Files\HP\QuickTest Professional\samples\flight\app\flight4a.exe”,”",”C:\Program Files\HP\QuickTest Professional\samples\flight\app\”,”open”
    Dialog(“Login”).Activate
    Dialog(“Login”).WinEdit(“Agent Name:”).Set “abcd”
    Dialog(“Login”).WinEdit(“Password:”).Set “mercury”
wait 2
    Dialog(“Login”).WinButton(“OK”).Click
Window(“Flight Reservation”).Close
End Sub

No Data type specification

Variant is the Only Data type in VBScript

Dim a

a= “India”

——-
——
a=100

—–
——
a=10.23
—-
—
a=#10/10/2010#

How to know Data sub types
————————–
Using VarType Function (It returns constant based Results)

Types of Result in Computer Programming
—————————————

i) Value based Result

Ex:

    3 + 5 = 8

ii) Logical Result

x= 100

Msgbox IsNumeric(x) ‘True

iii) Constant based Result

x=”Mumbai”

Msgbox VarType(x) ’8 for string
——————————
Dim a
Msgbox VarType(a) ’0 for Empty / Uninitialized

a=”India”
Msgbox VarType(a) ’8 for String

a=”100″
Msgbox VarType(a)  ’8 for String

a=100
Msgbox VarType(a) ’2 for Integer

a=10.234
Msgbox VarType(a) ’5 for Double

a=#10/10/2012#
Msgbox VarType(a) ’7 for Date

Set a = CreateObject(“Scripting.FileSystemObject”)
Msgbox VarType(a) ’9 for Automation Object
———————————————
Convert Data from One type to another
—————————————

Initialization

Dim x
x=100
————————
Reading
    From Input devices
    From Files
    from Databases
    from Application Objects

——–
Ex:
Dim val, Tickets
‘Reading from Input devices
val=InputBox(“Enter a value”)
Msgbox VarType(val) ’8 for String

val = Cint(val)
Msgbox VarType(val)

‘Reading from Application Objects

Tickets = Window(“Flight Reservation”).WinEdit(“Tickets:”).GetVisibleText()
Msgbox VarType(Tickets) ’8 for string

Tickets = Cint(Tickets)
Msgbox VarType(Tickets) ’2 for Integer
——————————-
Dim val, Price
val= InputBox(“Enter a value”)
Msgbox VarType(val) ’8 for String

val=Cdbl(val)
Msgbox VarType(val) ’5 for Double

Price = Window(“Flight Reservation”).WinEdit(“Price:”).GetVisibleText()
Msgbox VarType(Price) ’8

Price=Cdbl(Price)
Msgbox VarType(Price) ’5

 What is Variable?

RAM

Declaration of Variables

Public / private /Dim

————
Dim a, b, c
———-
Dim a
Dim b
Dim c
————
Implicit & Explicit Declaration of Variables

Dim a
a=100 ‘Explicit
b=200 ‘Implicit
Msgbox “Addition of a, b is: ” &a+b

Option Explicit
Dim Tickets, Price, Total
Tickets = 5
Price= 120
Total = Tickets * Priee
Msgbox Total

Assigning values to variables
——————————
Dim a, b
a=100 ‘Initialization
b=InputBox(“Enter b value”) ‘Reading
Msgbox a+b

Usage of Variables
——————-
Dim a, c

a=10 ‘Holding the Data

b=20

c=a=b
Msgbox c ‘False (‘Storing the data that returned a program)
c=a*b
Msgbox c ‘False (‘Storing the data that returned a program)

c= Now
Msgbox c ‘(Storing the data that returned a Function)

Set c = CreateObject(“Scripting.FileSystemObject”) ‘Stroring Object Reference

Naming Restrictions
——————–
a) should start with Alfa bytes

Dim abc
Dim a9
Dim 7bc ‘Incorrect

b) Should not contain embedded periods
Dim abc ‘correct
Dim ab c ‘Incorrect
Dim ab*c ‘Incorrect
Dim ab-c ‘Incorrect
Dim ab.c ‘Incorrect
Dim ab_c ‘correct

c) 255 char

d) should be unique in the scope of Declaration

Dim a, b, c
Dim d, e
Dim f, g, A
——————
Standard
Reserved words

Dim Wait
Wait =100
Msgbox Wait

Scope of variables
——————-
a) Program / Script level

b) Function / procedure level
——————————
Dim a, b, c ‘Script Level
a= 10
b=20
c=a+b
Msgbox c ’30

Function xyz()
   Dim d, e ‘Function Level
   d=40
   e= b+d
   Msgbox e ’60
End Function
Call xyz()
Dim f,g ‘Script Level
f=70
g=a+d+f
Msgbox g ’80
——————————–

Types of variables
——————–
a) Scalar Variables

b) Array Variables

Dim a, b(3)
b(0)=10
b(1)=20
b(2)=30
b(3)=40

a= b(1) +b(3)
Msgbox a ’60

———-
Dim a, b(3)
b(0)=10
b(1)=20
b(2)=30
b(3)=40
b(4)=50 ‘Error
a= b(1) +b(3)
Msgbox a ’60

Array Variables
    General, Dynamic and Dimensional Arrays
    Assigning Series of values at a time
———————————————

Error Handling:

Error handling refers to the anticipation, detection, and resolution of programming, application, and communications errors.

Within every Script we have to think about possible exceptions and how to handle them. Especially in the uppermost layers of the script, it is important to handle all exceptions.

Error Handling in QuickTest Professional:
QTP and VBScript give the Test Engineer some tools to handle errors and Exceptions.

Error Preventing:

A good method for using error handling is to try to prevent them.

When an error occurred, Report it in detail. When working with GUI objects, use the Window.Exist property. Every If…Then..End If statement has the Else part, the same for
Select Case. Use Case Else.

Error Handling Methods in QTP and VB Script:

a)    Synchronization
b)    Exist Property
c)    Recover Scenarios

d)    On Error Statement

Without an On Error statement, any run-time error that occurs is fatal: an error message is displayed, and execution stops.

Whenever possible, you use structured exception handling in your code, rather than resorting to unstructured exception handling and the On Error statement.

Parts:

GoToline

    Enables the error-handling routine that starts at the line specified in the required line argument. The line argument is any line label or line number. If a run-time error occurs, control branches to the specified line, making the error handler active. The specified line must be in the same procedure as the On Error statement, or a compile-time error will occur.

GoTo 0

    Disables enabled error handler in the current procedure and resets it to Nothing.

GoTo -1

    Disables enabled exception in the current procedure and resets it to Nothing.

Resume Next

    Specifies that when a run-time error occurs, control goes to the statement immediately following the statement where the error occurred, and execution continues from that point. Use this form rather than On Error GoTo when accessing objects.

On Error Resume Next

Example1:
Dim a
a = 1
b-2
MsgBox a + b ‘ displays result without showing error

Example2:

Function Sum(Num1, Num2)
If IsNumeric(Num1) = False Or IsNumeric(Num2) = False Then
On Error Resume Next
Err.Raise vbObjectError + 100, “Sum Function”, _
“One or more parameters are invalid.”
Exit Function
End If
Sum = Num1 +Num2

End Function

Call Sum(“gcreddy”,”QTP”) ‘Comes out without showing error
Call Sum(100,200) ‘ returns sum of 100,200 as 300
e)    Error Object

The Err object is an intrinsic object with global scope — there is no need to create an instance of it in your code.

The properties of the Err object are set by the generator of an error — Visual Basic, an Automation object, or the VBScript programmer.

The default property of the Err object is Number.

 Err.Number contains an integer and can be used by an Automation object to return an SCODE.

When a run-time error occurs, the properties of the Err object are filled with information that uniquely identifies the error and information that can be used to handle it. To generate a run-time error in your code, use the Raise method.
The Err object’s properties are reset to zero or zero-length strings (“”) after an On Error Resume Next statement. The Clear method can be used to explicitly reset Err.

Example:

On Error Resume Next
Err.Raise 6   ‘ Raise an overflow error.
MsgBox (“Error # ” & CStr(Err.Number) & ” ” & Err.Description)
Err.Clear      ‘ Clear the error.

Err Object Properties and Methods

Properties

Description Property

HelpContext Property

HelpFile Property

Number Property

Source Property

Methods

Clear Method

Raise Method

f)    Exit Statement

Open 30 to 40 Orders in Flight Reservation Window, if some records not available handle the situation

Option Explicit
Dim Order_Number
If Not Window(“Flight Reservation”).Exist(3) Then
SystemUtil.Run “C:\Program Files\HP\QuickTest Professional\samples\flight\app\flight4a.exe”,”",”C:\Program Files\HP\QuickTest Professional\samples\flight\app\”,”open”
Dialog(“Login”).Activate
Dialog(“Login”).WinEdit(“Agent Name:”).Set “gcreddy”
Dialog(“Login”).WinEdit(“Password:”).SetSecure “4c2e1e65bf29943393b6940f116d35231ce5fb7e”
Dialog(“Login”).WinButton(“OK”).Click
End If

For Order_Number= 30 to 40 step 1
Window(“Flight Reservation”).Activate
Window(“Flight Reservation”).WinButton(“Button”).Click
Window(“Flight Reservation”).Dialog(“Open Order”).WinCheckBox(“Order No.”).Set “ON”
Window(“Flight Reservation”).Dialog(“Open Order”).WinEdit(“Edit”).Set Order_Number
Window(“Flight Reservation”).Dialog(“Open Order”).WinButton(“OK”).Click

If Window(“Flight Reservation”).Dialog(“Open Order”).Dialog(“Flight Reservations”).Exist(3) Then
Window(“Flight Reservation”).Dialog(“Open Order”).Dialog(“Flight Reservations”).WinButton(“OK”).Click
Window(“Flight Reservation”).Dialog(“Open Order”).WinButton(“Cancel”).Click
Reporter.ReportEvent micWarning,”Res”, “Up to “& Order_Number-1 &” Order only available”
Exit For
End If
Next

ISO – International Organization for Standardization (1947)

IEEE – Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (1963)

IEC – International Electrotechnical Commission (1906)

BS (BSI) – British Standards (1901)

CMMI- Capability Maturity Model Integration

1) IEEE 610.12-1990

IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology

2) IEEE 829-1998

IEEE Standard for Software Test Documentation

The Types of Document:

There are eight document types in the IEEE 829 standard, which can be used in three distinct phases of software testing:

Preparation of Tests

Test Plan: Plan how the testing will proceed.

Test Design Specification: Decide what needs to be tested.

Test Case Specification: Create the tests to be run.

Test Procedure: Describe how the tests are run.

Test Item Transmittal Report: Specify the items released for testing.

Running the Tests

Test Log: Record the details of tests in time order.

Test Incident Report: Record details of events that need to be investigated.

Completion of Testing

Test Summary Report: Summarise and evaluate tests.

3) IEEE Standard 1012-1998

IEEE Standard for Software Verification and Validation -Description

4) IEEE Standard 1028-1997

IEEE Standard for Software Reviews -Description

5) IEEE 1008

IEEE Standard for Software Unit Testing

6) IEEE 1044-1993

IEEE Standard Classification for Software Anomalies

7) IEEE 1219-1998

Standard for Software Maintenance

ISO/IEC 9126-1:2001

(Software engineering – Software product quality- part 1)

Support for review, verification and validation, and a framework for quantitative quality evaluation, in the support process;

Support for setting organisational quality goals in the management process.

9) ISO/IEC 12207:2008

Systems and software engineering — Software life cycle processes

10) ISO/IEC 14598-1:1999

Information technology — Software product evaluation

11) ISO/IEC 2382-1:1993

Data Processing — Vocabulary — Part 1: Fundamental terms

12) ISO 9000:2000

Quality management systems – Fundamentals and vocabulary

13) BS 7925-2:1998

Software testing, Software component testing

(This standard defines the process for software component testing using specified test case design and measurement techniques. This will enable users of the standard to directly improve the quality of their software testing, and improve the quality of their software products)

14) DO-178B:1992

– Software Considerations in Airborne Systems and Equipment

15) BS7925-1

The British software testing standard governing testing terminology

1.Which is true of Suggestion Day?
a) It is a full staff offsite meeting to focus on quality improvement
b) all staff meets in one room to discuss all suggestions on the table
c) it uses the pare to principle to guide its agenda
d) It was proposed by Deming

2.Which of these is a “DON’T” when giving criticism?
a) Have the facts and be specific on expectations
b) be prepared to help them improve
c) do it in private
d) state the consequences if they do not improve

3.Which is not a good way to combat Groupthink?
a) Assign someone in the group to play Devil’s advocate
b) use outside experts as resources
c) inform the group that the meeting will last until a unanimous decision is reached
d) break the team up into subgroups

4.When delivering an Oral System Proposal, you should emphasise your enthusiasm to do the project, but not emphasize the expertise of yourself and your staff.
a) True
b) False

5.The formalized method of brainstorming, having a question and answer period, ranking solutions, and then thinking critically about them is known as:
a) Suggestion day
b) nominal group technique
c) continuous process improvement
d) affinity diagramming

6.Getting on the customer’s wavelength, getting the facts, taking notes, establishing an action program, and taking action are the recommended steps of…
a) Groupthink
b) requirements gathering
c) task force management
d) conflict resolution

7.The content of a System Proposal should include the people costs and the effects on other systems, as well as the standard cost benefit analysis.
a) True
b) False

8.It is acceptable to close the System Proposal without discussing everything on the agenda if the audience shows signs that they will approve the project.
a) False
b) True

9.Task forces should tackle more than one issue at a time.
a) False
b) True

10.The symptoms below refer to what phenomenon? – collective efforts to rationalize/discount negative info – tendency to ignore ethical or moral consequences to group decisions – stereotyped views of other groups – active pressure to change views
a) Loyalty
b) groupthink
c) an us vs them mentality
d) newspeak

11.Which one of these is NOT one of the three components of receiving information?
a) Responding to the speaker
b) attending to the speaker
c) hearing the speaker
d) understanding the speaker

12.The ideal size for a task force is:
a) 3-8 members
b) two people from each group that will be impacted by the decision
c) as many members as are interested in participating
d) 5 members

13.Therapeutic listening is:
a) Sympathetic, empathetic, and helps gain speaker’s confidence
b) useful in conflict resolution
c) helpful in understanding the reasons why events occurred
d) all of the above

14.If a person says “Sure, we will make the deadline” but has a smirk on their face, which two information channels are out of sync, and which should you pay more attention to?
a) Graphic channel and information channel – information channel
b) body channel and verbal channel – body channel
c) verbal channel and graphic channel – verbal channel
d) information channel and body channel – body channel

15.When trying to piece together facts from several different people, _________ listening is important.
a) Therapeutic
b) comprehensive
c) critical
d) appreciative

16.Which type of listening is typically not needed during a verbal walkthrough (Unless Phyllis is on the call)?
a) Critical listening
b) Comprehensive listening
c) Discriminative listening
d) Appreciative listening

• Repetitive work is reduced
• Greater consistency and repeatability
• Objective assessment
• Ease of access to information about tests or testing

• Unrealistic expectations for the tool
• Underestimating the time and effort needed to achieve significant and continues benefits from the tool
• Underestimating the effort required to maintain the test assets generated by the tool
• Over-reliance on the tool

• Assessment of the organization maturity
• Identification of the areas within the organization where tool support will help to improve testing process
• Evaluation of tools against clear requirements and objective criteria
• Proof-of-concept to see whether the product works as desired and meets the requirements and objectives defined for it
• Evaluation of the vendor (training, support and other commercial aspects) or open-source network of support
• Identifying and planning internal implementation (including coaching and mentoring for those new to the use of the tool)

• To learn more about the tool
• To see how the tool would fit with existing processes or documentation
• To decide on standard ways of using the tool that will work for all potential users
• To evaluate the pilot project agonist its objectives

• Rolling out the tool to the rest of the organization incrementally
• Adapting and improving process to fit with the use of the tool
• Providing training and coaching/mentoring for new users.
• Defining usage guidelines
• Implementing a way to learn lessons from tool use.
• Monitoring tool use and benefits.

2.The term “fit for use” refers to whose view of quality?
a) Supplier’s
b) Auditor’s
c) Producer’s
d) Customer’s

3.Which of these is a challenge/obstacle to implementing testing in an organization?
a) People think testing is not essential for delivery; testing is often unstructured and subjective
b) Testing is error prone; testing is too expensive
c) Testing is often not managed properly; the mindset that you can test quality into software
d) All of the above

4.”PDCA”, or “Plan, Do, Check, Act” is also known as
a) The Shewhart cycle
b) The Deming Wheel
c) both
d) neither

5.What are the three main categories defects can fall into?
a) Wrong, Missing, and Extra
b) Regression, Unit, and Integration
c) FUBAR, really FUBAR, and uber-FUBAR
d) display, processing, output

6.Which of these is NOT an important part of a Test Strategy?
a) The procedure for logging defects
b) how you will validate that the system meets user requirements
c) how you will validate the software at each stage of development
d) how you will use test data to examine the behavior of the system

7.Which of these are good ways to raise management’s awareness of the importance of testing?
a) Make sure management knows what they get for the money they spend on testing
b) relay other benefits of testing (shorter test times, higher quality software)
c) Collect and distribute articles about testing
d) all of the above

8.Continuous process improvement only works if you:
a) Monitor performance of prior improvement initiatives
b) base improvement efforts on the organization’s needs and business goals
c) enforce the newly developed processes
d) all are needed

9.Which is a more effective approach to risk mitigation?
a) Test based on user requirements
b) Test based on system specifications
c) Test more heavily in areas deemed higher risk
d) all of the above

10.Establishing a testing policy should include four main criteria. A definition of testing, the testing system, evaluation methods, and ________?
a) Standards against which testing will be measured
b) Data Requirements for a typical project
c) Templates for deliverables generated by the test group
d) All of the above

11.Which of these is the most effective method for establishing a testing policy?
a) Information Services Consensus Policy
b) Users Meeting
c) Industry Standard
d) Management Directive

12.During what phase of the project should you START thinking about Testing Scenarios?
a) Requirements
b) Maintenance
c) Coding
d) Design

13.What is the appropriate timing for Static, Structural tests?
a) Analysis and design only
b) testing phase
c) as early as possible and in every phase thereafter
d) not until the coding phase

14.Test coverage tools are useful starting in which phase?
a) Any phase
b) Analysis and Design
c) Testing (functional testing)
d) Coding (unit testing)

15.A Test Factor is:
a) The risk or issue that needs to be addressed during testing
b) a variable in a test script
c) an error inserted by programmers to measure the effectiveness of testing
d) part of the audit trail

16.means that the data entered, processed, and output by the application is accurate and complete.
a) Completeness
b) File integrity
c) Correctness
d) Audit trail

17.Validating that the right file is used and the data on that file is correct and in the correct sequence is known as:
a) Structural analysis
b) Data dictionary validation
c) Black box testing
d) File integrity testing

18._____________ can substantiate the processing that has occurred and allow analysts to reconstruct what happened at any point in a transaction.
a) Continuity of Processing
b) None of these
c) Data Dictionaries
d) Audit Trails

19.Failover testing at Chase is verification that ___________ is intact
a) Continuity of processing
b) audit trails
c) maintainability
d) both A and C

20.Processing time and “up time” goals are examples of
a) Statistical process control
b) metrics
c) service levels
d) workbenches

21.Access control testing is also known as
a) Error handling
b) Security testing
c) Static testing
d) Fault based testing

22.Audits to ensure that the system is designed in accordance with organization strategy, policies, procedures, and standards are designed to test which quality factor?
a) Best practices
b) correctness
c) maintainability
d) compliance

23.An application which performs its intended function with the required precision over an extended period of time has this quality factor:
a) Validity
b) ease of use
c) service level
d) reliability

24.If it is difficult to locate and fix errors in a program, that program is missing which quality factor?
a) Coupling
b) maintainability
c) portability
d) ease of operation

25.The quality factor “ease of use” is best measured by doing what type of testing?
a) Performance test
b) manual support test
c) white box test
d) acceptance test

26.Portability refers to
a) How easy it is to transfer a program to other hardware or OS
b) whether it’s possible to uninstall the program
c) both of these
d) neither of these

27.The effort required to interconnect components of an application to other applications for data transfer is:
a) Coupling
b) I/O
c) flowchart analysis
d) system testing

28.If defects are hard to find, that’s a sign that…
a) Test coverage is inadequate
b) there are errors in the test scripts
c) neither of these
d) either of these

29.    Which way(s) can lower the cost of testing without reducing it’s effectiveness?
a) Phase containment
b) the V concept of testing
c) testing the artifacts of each development phase, not just the program itself
d) all of the above

30.________ ensures that we designed and built the right system, while _________ ensures that the system works as designed.
a) Validation, verification
b) white box testing, black box testing
c) verification, validation
d) the project manager, the test team

31.Walkthroughs, peer reviews, and other structural tests tend to be __________ tasks
a) Verification
b) quality control
c) quality assurance
d) validation

32.Input, Procedures to DO, Procedures to CHECK, and Output are the four components of the:
a) Workbench concept
b) test phase
c) reporting cycle
d) Shewhart cycle

33.Which of these are considerations when developing testing methodologies?
a) The type of development project, the type of software system
b) tactical risks, project scope
c) both of these
d) neither of these

34.Deriving test cases based on known program structure and logic is…
a) Control testing
b) white box testing
c) black box testing
d) fault-driven testing

35.Functional testing that simulates the end user’s actions is known as…
a) Access control testing
b) performance testing
c) black box testing
d) structural testing

36.Breaking variables into chunks that should have the same expected results is:
a) Workbench
b) usability testing
c) equivalence partitioning
d) data mapping

37.Developing tests based on where you think the program’s weak points are is known as
a) Error-handling testing
b) risk based testing
c) error guessing
d) negative testing

38.Top-down and Bottom-up are two ways to approach
a) Incremental testing
b) thread testing
c) boundary analysis
d) none of these

39.An end-to-end, task based test that uses integrated components of a system is a…
a) Performance test
b) thread test
c) unit test
d) structural test

40.Which is a benefit of having a user committee develop the company’s test policy?
a) All involved parties participate and sign off
b) outside users learn the options and costs associated with testing
c) testing and quality are seen as organization-wide responsibilities, not just IT
d) all of these

41.Which of these types of reviews is NOT an effective phase containment mechanism?
a) Post implementation review
b) decision point review
c) phase end review
d) in process review

42.Which of these was not a Quality professional?
a) Deming
b) Townsend
c) Juran
d) Pareto

43.The successful implementation of a quality improvement program will have what long-term effect on productivity?
a) There is no relationship between quality and productivity
b) it will lower productivity
c) it will raise productivity
d) productivity will remain the same

44.Which of these are some of Deming’s 7 Deadly Management Diseases?
a) Lack of constancy of purpose and emphasis on short-term profits
b) evaluation of performance or annual review of performance
c) running an organization on visible figures alone and excessive costs of warranty
d) all of these

45.The scientific method is
a) Relevant to developers
b) a logical, systematic approach to processes
c) useful when developing test cases
d) all of these

46.Deming’s biggest contribution to the quality profession is:
a) Zero Defects Day
b) Using slogans and targets to motivate the work force
c) focusing on process improvement, not the product itself
d) all of these

47.Instituting pride in workmanship and eliminating numerical quotas were suggestions for management created by
a) Pareto
b) Shewhart
c) Deming
d) Juran

48.Which is an important source of data for Continuous Process Improvement?
a) Defect databases
b) Post-mortems
c) Neither of these
d) both of these

49.Who should NOT participate in testing?
a) End users
b) developers’
c) management
d) all should participate

50.According to Deming, 90% of defects are attributable to:
a) Vague user requirements
b) programmer error
c) process problems
d) communication errors

51.Which of these are NOT test factors
a) Error guessing, incremental testing, boundary analysis
b) compliance, reliability, access control
c) correctness, audit trail, continuity of processing
d) maintainability, portability, ease of operation

52.A test strategy matrix does not include:
a) Test phases
b) risks
c) test factors
d) script mapping

53.Of the four options listed below, which is able to detect an infeasible path?
a) Performance testing
b) black box testing
c) structural testing
d) manual support testing

54.Black box testing, thread testing, and incremental testing are all kinds of:
a) Dynamic testing
b) static analysis
c) both of these
d) neither of these

55.Which catches errors earlier, verification or validation?
a) Verification
b) Validation
c) Neither
d) Both

56.Mapping requirements to tests in order to prove that the system functions as designed is known as:
a) Data mapping
b) requirement validation
c) requirements tracing
d) metrics gathering

57.Who should not be allowed to participate in and contribute to the improvement of processes?
a) Line workers
b) nobody – all should be allowed
c) the author of the original process
d) management

58.Improving weaknesses in a process you just piloted is an example of which piece of the Shewhart cycle?
a) Do
b) Act
c) Plan
d) Check

Configuration management

Configuration Management Planning

Configuration Management starts during the early phases of the project All products of the software process may have to be managed

Example:
o    Specifications
o    code
o    Designs
o    Programs
o    Test data
o    User manuals

Thousands of separate documents may be generated for a large software system

Configuration Management Plan

o    Defines the types of documents to be managed and a document naming scheme
o    Defines who takes responsibility for the CM procedures and creation of “baselines”
o    Defines policies for change control and version management
o    Defines the CM records which must be maintained
o    Describes the tools which should be used to assist the CM process and any limitations on their use

Configuration item identification
 
o    Large projects typically produce thousands of documents which must be uniquely identified. Some of these documents must be maintained for the lifetime of the software
o    Document naming scheme should be defined so that related documents have related names.
o    A hierarchical scheme with multi-level names is probably the most flexible approach

The configuration database
 
All CM information should be maintained in a configuration database. This should allow queries about configurations to be answered
o    Who has a particular system version?
o    What platform is required for a particular version?
o    What versions are affected by a change to component X?
o    How many reported faults in version T?
o    The CM database should preferably be linked to the software being managed

Change Management

Software systems are subject to continual change requests
o    From users
o    From developers
o    From market forces

Change management is concerned with keeping track of these changes and ensuring that they are implemented in the most cost-effective way

Version and Release Management

o    Invent identification scheme for system versions
o    Plan when new system version is to be produced
o    Ensure that version management procedures and tools are properly applied
o    Plan and distribute new system releases

Versions/Variants/Releases

Version: An instance of a system which is functionally distinct in some way from other system instances

Variant:  An instance of a system which is functionally identical but non-functionally distinct from other instances of a system

Release:  An instance of a system which is distributed to users outside of the development team

Version identification

o    Procedures for version identification should define an unambiguous way of identifying component versions
o    Three basic techniques for component identification
o    Version numbering
o    Attribute-based identification
o    Change-oriented identification

Release management

o    Releases incorporate changes forced on the system by errors discovered by users and by hardware changes
o    They also incorporate new system functionality
o    Release planning is concerned with when to issue a system version as a release

System releases

o    Not just a set of executable programs, may also include Compilers
o    configuration files defining how the release is configured for a particular installation
o    Data files needed for system operation
o    An installation program or shell script to install the system on target hardware
o    Electronic and paper documentation
o    Packaging and associated publicity
o    Systems are now normally released on CD-ROM or as downloadable installation files from the Web

Release problems

o    Customer may not want a new release of the system
o    They may be happy with their current system as the new version may provide unwanted functionality
o    Release management must not assume that all previous releases have been accepted
o    All files required for a release should be re-created when a new release is installed

Release creation
o    Release creation involves collecting all files and documentation required to create a system release
o    Configuration descriptions have to be written for different hardware and installation scripts have to be written
o    The specific release must be documented to record exactly what files were used to create it
•    This allows it to be re-created if necessary

System building

o    The process of compiling and linking software components into an executable system
o    Different systems are built from different
combinations of components
o    Invariably supported by automated tools that are driven by ‘build scripts’

System building problems

o    When there are many hundreds of components making up a system, it is easy to miss one out; this should normally be detected by the linker.
o    A system built with the wrong version may work initially but fail after delivery
o    Embedding absolute names in code almost always causes problems as naming conventions differ from place to place
o    Different compiler versions may actually generate different code and the compiled component will exhibit different behaviour

Key points

o    Configuration management is the management of system change to software products
o    A formal document naming scheme should be established and documents should be managed in a database
o    The configuration database should record information about changes and change requests
o    A consistent scheme of version identification should be established using version numbers, attributes or change sets
o    System releases include executable code, data, configuration files and documentation
o    System building involves assembling components into a system

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